Mathematics: Completing the square

Mathematics from high school to university

What you’ll learn

Mathematics: Completing the square

Completing the square: how it is done and why the method works (variants for 1, 2, and 3 variables); a geometric illustration of the method and its name.
Completing the square in one variable for solving quadratic equations with help of the discriminant and the quadratic formula; derivation of the formula.
Completing the square in one variable for plotting polynomials of the second degree with help of graph transformations of the parabola y=x^2; finding a new vertex.
Completing the square in two variables, one at a time, for identifying conic sections: circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas.
Completing the square in three variables, one at a time, for identifying quadric surfaces: spheres, ellipsoids, hyperboloids, double cones, etc.
Completing the square in two or three variables for definiteness of 2×2 or 3×3 matrices / corresponding quadratic forms in 2 or 3 variables.

Requirements

Being able to perform operations of addition and multiplication of real numbers.

Description

Mathematics: Completing the square

Mathematics from high school to university

1. Completing the square: how the method works, and why

You will learn about the method of completing the square, how it works and why. This remarkable (and elementary!) method has surprisingly many applications in advanced mathematics, and this is why it is really good to master it. Geometrical illustrations will give you a nice visual explanation of both the method and the name of the method.

2. A glimpse into some applications of completing the square

You will learn about various applications of completing the square, starting with quite elementary applications (high-school level) such as solving quadratic equations and drawing graphs of second-degree polynomials, and continuing with some information about more advanced applications such as identifying quadratic curves and surfaces, determining definiteness of square matrices (or corresponding quadratic forms), and optimization of functions in two or more variables. These applications will

not

be treated in this course due to time constraints, but you will get information in which courses you find both theory and practice on the topics. You will also get some practice in completing the square. In this brief course, I have chosen to inform you about the applications of completing the square in Algebra, Calculus, Linear Algebra, and Geometry.

A note

: Another typical application of completing the square (

not

discussed in this course) is in Calculus 2 when you must integrate a rational function (a function of the type p(x)/q(x), where both p(x) and q(x) are polynomials). After performing partial fraction decomposition, you will represent your function as a sum of simpler fractions, with denominators being first-degree polynomials or second-degree polynomials without real zeros. This second type, when integrated, will lead to some function defined by arctan; to perform this integration in a correct way (variable substitution), you must… complete the square! I will tell you more about it in my upcoming course “Precalculus 2: Polynomials and rational functions”.

3. Extras

You will learn about our other (published) courses and about the courses we plan to create shortly.

Who this course is for:

High school students who want to learn the method of completing the square and who are curious about its applications in university topics.
University or college students who have discovered that they need the method of completing the square for some university-level courses, and want to re-learn this method.
Everybody who wants to learn a remarkable but elementary method, which has surprisingly many applications in various advanced branches of mathematics.